| Protist-Bacteria Associations: Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria Are Prevalent as Digestion-Resistant Bacteriain Ciliated Protozoa | |
Gong, J ; Qing, Y; Zou, SB; Fu, R; Su, L; Zhang, XL; Zhang, QQ; Gong, J (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Yantai Inst Coastal Zone Res, Lab Microbial Ecol & Matter Cycles, Yantai, Peoples R China.; Gong, J (reprint author), S China Normal Univ, Sch Life Sci, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China. jgong@yic.ac.cn
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| 发表期刊 | FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
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| ISSN | 1664-302X |
| 2016-04-11 | |
| 卷号 | 7期号:x页码:498 |
| 关键词 | Bacterialsymbiosis Grazing-resistantbacteria Microbialinteractions Proteinsecretionsystems Top-down Effect |
| DOI | 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00498 |
| 产权排序 | [Gong, Jun; Qing, Yao; Zou, Songbao; Fu, Rao; Su, Lei; Zhang, Xiaoli; Zhang, Qianqian] Chinese Acad Sci, Yantai Inst Coastal Zone Res, Lab Microbial Ecol & Matter Cycles, Yantai, Peoples R China; [Gong, Jun; Qing, Yao; Zou, Songbao] S China Normal Univ, Sch Life Sci, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China |
| 作者部门 | 海岸带生物学与生物资源利用所重点实验室 |
| 英文摘要 | Protistan bacterivory, a microbial process involving ingestion and digestion, is ecologically important in the microbial loop in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. While bacterial resistance to protistan ingestion has been relatively well understood, little is known about protistan digestion in which some ingested bacteria could not be digested in cells of major protistan grazers in the natural environment. Here we report the phylogenetic identities of digestion-resistant bacteria (DRB) that could survive starvation and form relatively stable associations with 11 marine and one freshwater ciliate species. Using clone library and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, we found that the protistan predators could host a high diversity of DRB, most of which represented novel bacterial taxa that have not been cultivated. The localization inside host cells, quantity, and viability of these bacteria were checked using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The DRB were affiliated with Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Parcubacteria (OD1), Planctomycetes, and Proteobacteria, with Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria being the most frequently occurring classes. The dominance of Gamma- and Alphaproteobacteria corresponds well to a previous study of Global Ocean Sampling metagenomic data showing the widespread types of bacterial type VI and IV secretion systems (T6SS and T4SS) in these two taxa, suggesting a putatively significant role of secretion systems in promoting marine protist-bacteria associations. In the DRB assemblages, opportunistic bacteria such as Alteromonadaceae, Pseudoalteromonadaceae, and Vibrionaceae often presented with high proportions, indicating these bacteria could evade protistan grazing thus persist and accumulate in the community, which, however, contrasts with their well-known rarity in nature. This begs the question whether viral lysis is significant in killing these indigestible bacteria in microbial communities. Taken together, our study on the identity of DRB sheds new light on microbial interactions and generates further hypotheses including the potential importance of bacterial protein secretion systems in structuring bacterial community composition and functioning of "microbial black box" in aquatic environments. |
| 中文摘要 | 原生生物（原生动物）对细菌的摄食包括了摄入及消化两个主要过程；通过对细菌有效的摄食，原生生物才能将颗粒有机碳向上层营养级传递，因此是水域及土壤生态系统中微生物环（微型食物环）中一个重要的生态学过程。目前尽管对原生生物“摄入”细菌的选择性有所了解，但对摄入后在原生生物细胞中的消化过程还了解不多。比如，被摄食后的细菌是否能被原生动物完全消化？到底有哪些细菌不能被原生动物消化？回答这些问题对进一步理解微生物环在碳循环中的工作效率、原生生物摄食对细菌生物量、多样性及群落结构的影响、原生生物-细菌相互作用具有重要的科学意义。本研究报道了对11种海洋及1中淡水纤毛虫对细菌消化的研究结果。我们发现，即使对这些纤毛虫在无菌水中饥饿12-24小时，通过16S rDNA克隆测序及荧光原位杂交技术仍能检测到胞内细菌的存在。这些细菌大多是一些尚未被分离培养的种类，分别隶属于放线菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、OD1、浮霉菌门及变形菌门；其中伽马变形菌及阿尔法变形菌纲在种类数目在相对丰度上都占绝对优势。与该结果相呼应的是：前人通过对海洋宏基因组的分析发现海洋细菌的六型及四型分泌系统在伽马变形菌及阿尔法变形菌基因组中广泛存在。这暗示海洋细菌抗原生生物的消化能力及与它们“敌人”共存的能力可能与细菌的蛋白分泌系统有重要的联系。在这些抗消化细菌中，交替单胞菌、假交替单胞菌及弧菌类群通常是最常见的。这也预示着这些细菌可能因能避免被消化而能在细菌群落中存在并累积从而具有较高的相对丰度。然而，事实并非如此：它们在群落中的比例都相对较低。这提示存在这样一个可能：抗消化细菌可能主要被另一细菌杀手----病毒----所裂解。抗原生生物消化的细菌的证实对利用荧光小球或荧光标记的细菌研究摄食率问题提出了挑战；该研究显示细菌的抗消化属性是微生物之间的相互作用一个重要但被长期忽视的问题，其成因及给生态学及微生物碳循环的效应仍有尚待进一步研究。 |
| 文章类型 | Article |
| 资助机构 | Natural Science Foundation of China(41176143 ; Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS(XDA11020702) ; Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Shandong(JQ201210) ; Science and Technology Development Program of Yantai(2014ZH073) ; Yantai Double Hundred Talent Plan ; 41522604) |
| 收录类别 | SCI |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 关键词[WOS] | MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT ; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER ; COMPARATIVE GENOMICS ; SECRETION SYSTEM ; MARINE-BACTERIA ; WATER-COLUMN ; FOOD QUALITY ; VI SECRETION ; IDENTIFICATION ; CELLS |
| 研究领域[WOS] | Microbiology |
| WOS记录号 | WOS:000373977200001 |
| 引用统计 | |
| 文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://ir.yic.ac.cn/handle/133337/9024 |
| 专题 | 海岸带生物学与生物资源利用重点实验室_海岸带生物学与生物资源保护实验室 |
| 通讯作者 | Gong, J (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Yantai Inst Coastal Zone Res, Lab Microbial Ecol & Matter Cycles, Yantai, Peoples R China.; Gong, J (reprint author), S China Normal Univ, Sch Life Sci, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China. jgong@yic.ac.cn |
| 作者单位 | 1.Chinese Acad Sci, Yantai Inst Coastal Zone Res, Lab Microbial Ecol & Matter Cycles 2.S China Normal Univ, Sch Life Sci |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Gong, J,Qing, Y,Zou, SB,et al. Protist-Bacteria Associations: Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria Are Prevalent as Digestion-Resistant Bacteriain Ciliated Protozoa[J]. FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY,2016,7(x):498. |
| APA | Gong, J.,Qing, Y.,Zou, SB.,Fu, R.,Su, L.,...&Gong, J .(2016).Protist-Bacteria Associations: Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria Are Prevalent as Digestion-Resistant Bacteriain Ciliated Protozoa.FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY,7(x),498. |
| MLA | Gong, J,et al."Protist-Bacteria Associations: Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria Are Prevalent as Digestion-Resistant Bacteriain Ciliated Protozoa".FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY 7.x(2016):498. |
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